Category: Research Meeting

The 1st Research Meeting (2024) of “Research on Moderate Islam in the Non-Arab World: From the Cases of Indonesia, Pakistan and Turkey (22H00034, JSPS)” (“Moderate Islam”)

Date: May 25th Sunday, 2024, 13:00-17:00
Venue: Lecture Room [AA401], 4th floor, Research Bldg. No. 2, Yoshida Campus, Kyoto University

Report: UCHIYAMA Chie (Sophia University) “Reconstructing the “Islamic Sphere” of Senegal without a Salafi-Sufi Dichotomy: The Case of Islamic Education”

This presentation examines the discourse that there is an ideological influence of Salafi Muslims on moderate Islam in Senegal, which is strongly influenced by Sufi orders, through a case study of Islamic education. The Senegalese government has developed school textbooks to promote a tolerant form of Islam that aligns with the existence of Sufi orders and is acceptable to Muslims with a Salafi orientation, while in a school affiliated with Salafi organizations, where the presenter conducted a survey, some parts of their teachings oppose the African practice of Sufism. However, even in the latter, not a few of the students belong to the order, and the interviews suggest that they coexist without much contradiction. In addition, the narratives of Muslim informants who are identified as either Salafis or Sufis suggest that the division between Muslims who belong to a Sufi order and those who do not is not absolute in practice, and that the distinction is not always considered important. Senegalese Islam has traditionally been dichotomized into a majority and of moderate Sufis and a minority of strict Salafis. However, the notion of a “moderate and tolerant Senegalese Islam” seems to be acceptable to many Muslims, including Salafis. Therefore, it would be useful to reconstruct the image of Islam in Senegal from this perspective.

The 3rd Research Meeting (2023) of “Research on Moderate Islam in the Non-Arab World: From the Cases of Indonesia, Pakistan and Turkey (22H00034, JSPS)” (“Moderate Islam”)

Date: February 4th Sunday, 2024
Venue: Lecture Room [AA415], 4th floor, Research Bldg. No. 2, Yoshida Campus, Kyoto University

 
Report 1: ARAI Kazuhiro (Keio University)  “Habib Umar and Moderate Islam in Indonesia”

In the seminar, I discussed the activities of Arabs in moderate Islam in Indonesia, focusing on Umar bin Hafiz (Habib Umar), a religious figure who runs a school Dar al-Mustafa (House of the Prophet) in Tarim, Hadramaut (South Arabia). Habib Umar became best known religious figure from Hadramawt in Indonesia after the resurgence of human exchange between the two regions since the 1990s. Many young people from Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, etc.) have studied at the Dar al-Mustafa, and the graduates of the school are now performing da‘wa (call to Islam) upon their return. Umar himself visits Indonesia every year and holds large gatherings in Java and other parts of the country.
Habib Umar’s philosophy is characterized by the inheritance of traditional Hadrami religious activities, emphasis on revelation and Sunna, and da‘wa. His message of moderation and peace is most closely related to this project. Specifically, he emphasizes dialogue between groups, respect for those with whom one interacts, and the inner life of the believer. His book, “Moderation in Islam (al-Wasatiyya fi al-Islam),” is a transcript of a lecture he gave on June 1, 2003, at the Faculty of Education, Hadramawt University, but it is also available in Indonesian as “Moderate Religion: the Revival of Islamic Doctrinal Truth (Agama Moderat: Menghidupkan Kembali Hakikat Ajaran Islam).” In it, “moderation” is positioned as understanding the essence of shari‘a and the essence of revelation, and the author discusses what moderation is according to various themes. As a whole, the book positions Islam as a moderate religion, but it is difficult to find Umar’s original theory in it.
Umar himself avoids direct involvement in politics and government policy, and he forbids his disciples to get involved in politics. However, Umar’s own words are always interpreted by those around him and sometimes used in election campaigns in Indonesia. This is due to the fact that Umar speaks in ambiguous and common-sense language. In any case, Umar, who is close to Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), will continue to exert a certain influence on (moderate) Islam in Indonesia.

Report 2 : MISAWA Nobuo (Toyo University)   “Examinations of ‘Moderate Islam / ılımlı İslam’ in Turkey”

My presentation was an examination of how “Moderate Islam (ilmili Islam)” is perceived and shared discursively in Turkey, based on the number of cases of its use in the newspaper media over time. For this purpose, we looked at the frequency of use of the terms “Islamic Fundamentalism,” and “Moderate Islam” in the U.S. and U.K. newspaper media, as well as in Japan’s Yomiuri Shimbun, over the years. In the U.S., the use of “Moderate Islam” began to increase rapidly after 2002. It is possible to conclude that the current discourse of “Moderate Islam” was formed in the U.S. and spread throughout the world, and the concept of “Ilimli Islam” was eventually used in Turkey as a translation. However, it has a weak social foundation, and it is understood that it is currently used with a political agenda. Based on this survey, I would like to conduct a qualitative survey in the future, rather than a quantitative survey.

The 2nd Research Meeting (2023) of “Research on Moderate Islam in the Non-Arab World: From the Cases of Indonesia, Pakistan and Turkey (22H00034, JSPS)” (“Moderate Islam”)

Date: November 12th Sunday, 2023
Venue: Through online

Report 1: SASAKI Takuo (Kurume University) “Religious Pluralism in Indonesian Islam: From Kartini to Nurcholish Madjid”

In Indonesian Islam, where interreligious harmony is an issue, “religious pluralism,” which advocates the plurality and equality of religions under a transcendent God, has developed as a trend of thought. It can be traced back to Kartini during the Dutch colonial period, and was also reflected in the founding ideals of the country by Sukarno. What is even more important is that from the end of the 1960s onwards, it was inherited by some “Muslim intellectuals,” including Ahmad Wahib, Johan Effendi, Gus Dur, and Nurcholish Madjid. Although it cannot be denied that the patronage of the Suharto regime existed in the background of their intellectual endeavors, religious pluralism may have survived due to the depth of their religious/theological thinking itself.

Report 2: AKAHORI Masayuki (Sophia University) “Between Moderate Islam and Islamic Moderates: Exploring the “Anthropology of Islam” through Fieldwork”

This presentation delved into the application of Talal Asad’s concept of “discursive tradition” to ethnographic writing based on fieldwork. It examined a case study involving three close relatives of Bedouins in the Western Desert of Egypt. The discussion centered on how these individuals, influenced by their ages and the nature of their education, held varying perspectives on what constitutes “correct Islam.” Furthermore, it explored how they engaged in exchanging and debating their opinions. One of the subjects also underwent changes in his attitude towards Islam between 1993 and 2011.
From this analysis, it is highlighted that the arenas where discursive traditions are formulated are highly fluid. Consequently, it is imperative to view Islamic moderates, alongside Islamic radicals, as actively shaping their own discursive traditions through exercising their own disciplinary powers. This emphasizes the necessity of situating the concept of “moderate Islam” within a specific socio-political context rather than assuming it as self-evident.
The presentation underscored that while “moderate Islam” is often perceived as a counter movement to radical Islam, it also comes to adopt a religious nationalism and some other political orientations as radical Islam does. Despite the presentation’s organizational shortcomings, it generated fruitful discussions, including the suggestion of using the term “middle way” (中道) instead of “moderate” (穏健). This suggestion holds promise for expanding research frameworks from dichotomous one of moderate and radical to encompass radical Islam, moderate Islam, and secularism.

The 4th Joint Research Meeting of “Research on Moderate Islam in the Non-Arab World: From the Cases of Indonesia, Pakistan and Turkey” (JSPS22H00034, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A), JSPS: TONAGA Yasushi, Kyoto University) and “An Attempt of Moderate Islam to Counter the Islamism: Focusing on “Religious Moderation” Policy of Indonesia” (Heiwa Nakajima Foundation, Aids for the Academic Research in Asia Region). (The 4th Joint Research Meeting “Moderate Islam in Non-Arab World”)

Date: February 15th, 2023, 16:00-18:00
Venue: Building No. 2, 6th Floor, Room 2-615a, Sophia University (Face-to-face and Zoom “hybrid format”)

Report 1: INOUE Aeka (Shujitsu University) “Jinnah, the ‘Minority’ Father of the nation”

Jinnah has been called ‘Father of the Nation’ in Pakistan. He fought for Indian Muslims’ peaceful life in Hindu dominant India. However, we must pay attention to the fact that he was the minority of Muslim society in colonial India, for instance, he was from Shi’ite family and got married with Farsi lady. But Indian Muslims never see it as a problem and have accepted him as Quaid-e-Azam. I believe this fact shows the diversity and the tradition of generosity among Indian Muslims.

Report 2: YAMANE So (Osaka University) “Literary Space and Religion in Late 19th-century Urdu Sources: Masnavi in the Cow Protection Movement”

This presentation focuses on an Urdu pamphlet, ‘The Lamentation of the Cow’, published in the early 1880s in Lahore. The journal was published by Arya Samaj, a Hindu reformist organisation. It is written in Urdu and contains articles and poems calling on Muslims to stop slaughtering more cows than necessary. Many of the descriptions are in a tone in which the Hindu side calls on the Muslims, and in an article some Muslims appear and speak in sympathy with the Hindu side.
Previous studies have spoken of the disconnection between Hindus and Muslims being aggravated by the late 19th-century movement for the protection of the cows, but the fact that there was such a move to avoid conflict peacefully and rationally points out the need for further research into sources from the period and a re-examination of the issue.